APA Dictionary of Psychology

the process of analyzing an individual’s DNA, and in some cases RNA, chromosomes, proteins, or metabolites, to identify genetic variants associated with inherited conditions, carrier status, ancestry, biological relationships, or susceptibility to certain diseases (e.g., Huntington disease or hereditary breast and ovarian cancer). Contemporary testing may focus on specific variants, including premutations or candidate genes, which are selected for analysis because research suggests they may influence a particular trait or disorder. Choosing to undergo genetic testing can involve important personal, ethical, and psychosocial considerations. Results may inform decisions about reproductive planning, pregnancy, preventive care, or sharing information with relatives who could also be affected. Emotional responses vary: some individuals feel empowered or better prepared, while others may experience uncertainty or anxiety, especially when findings indicate elevated risk rather than a definitive outcome. Genetic counseling is often recommended to support informed decision-making and interpretation of results.