APA Dictionary of Psychology

a synthetic laboratory-produced antibody designed to recognize and bind to a specific protein, receptor, or other molecular target. Monoclonal antibodies can be used to treat a wide range of conditions, including cancers (e.g., trastuzumab for HER2-positive breast or stomach cancer), autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, infectious diseases, and viral infections such as COVID-19. Mechanisms of action vary by target and may include marking cells for immune destruction, blocking signaling pathways, neutralizing pathogens, or delivering therapeutic agents directly to specific cells. Monoclonal antibodies can be used alone or in combination with other treatments such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or antiviral therapy. Common side effects include flu-like symptoms, nausea, diarrhea, and rash, while rare but serious reactions may involve severe allergic responses, bleeding, low blood counts, or cardiovascular complications. Their development and use increasingly emphasize precision medicine, equitable access, and adaptation to emerging infectious threats.