APA Dictionary of Psychology

a language-free test of intelligence, abstract reasoning, and problem solving for individuals ages 6 through 89 years. The test items present problems of progressively increasing difficulty, with each item consisting of a stimulus figure and a set of choices below the stimulus that have up to eight abstract characteristics (i.e., shape, position, direction, rotation, contiguity, shading, size, and movement). Due to its language-free and motor-reduced format, the test can be used with individuals who have linguistic, hearing, or motor impairments or who are not proficient in English. First published in 1982, the test is now in its fourth edition (TONI–4), published in 2010. [developed by Linda Brown, Rita J. Sherbenou, and Susan K. Johnsen]